ABSTRACT
This
Project presents the overall design of Home Automation System (HAS) with low
cost and wireless remote control. This system is designed to assist and provide
support in order to fulfill the needs of elderly and disabled in home. Also,
the smart home concept in the system improves the standard living at home. The
main control system implements wireless Bluetooth technology to provide remote
access from PC/laptop or smart phone. The design remains the existing
electrical switches and provides more safety control on the switches with low
voltage activating method. The switches status is synchronized in all the
control system whereby every user interface indicates the real time existing
switches status. The system intended to control electrical appliances and
devices in house with relatively low cost design, user friendly interface and
ease of installation. Due to the advancement of wireless technology, there are
several different of connections are introduced such as GSM, WIFI, ZIGBEE, and
Bluetooth. Each of the connection has their own unique specifications and
applications. Among the four popular wireless connections that often
implemented in HAS project, Bluetooth is being chosen with its suitable
capability. Bluetooth with globally available frequencies of 2400Hz is able to
provide connectivity up to 100 meters at speed of up to 3Mbps depending on the
Bluetooth device class.
Bluetooth
wireless connection enabled the system communicates with graphical user
interface (GUI) on PC/laptop or smart phone without cable. The target home
appliances are controlled by the system Main Control Board. In order improve
the standard living in home, this system provides three different types of
physical control methods to the Main Control Board. The first physical control method
is by pressing on the modified Low Voltage Activating Switches. The
conventional high voltages switches will be replaced by the modified 5 Volt
push buttons as the activating switches. The low voltage switch eliminates the
risk of dangerous electrical shock by wet hand. The second and third control
methods are performed as wireless remote control to the appliances. The second
control method is by clicking on Window GUI on PC/laptop by using mouse or
touch pad. The system is directly installed beside the conventional electrical
switches on the wall. The Bluetooth wireless connection enabled the system
communicates with graphical user interface (GUI) on PC/laptop or smart phone
without cable. The target home appliances are controlled by the system Main Control
Board. In order improve the standard living in home, this system provides three
different types of physical control methods to the Main Control Board. The
first physical control method is by pressing on the modified Low Voltage
Activating Switches. The conventional high voltages switches will be replaced
by the modified 5 Volt push buttons as the activating switches. The low voltage
switch eliminates the risk of dangerous electrical shock by wet hand. The
second and third control methods are performed as wireless remote control to
the appliances. The second control method is by clicking on Window GUI on
PC/laptop by using mouse or touch pad. This method provides facility to the
computer user to control the home appliances without walk to the switches on
the wall. Third control method is done by Android GUI installed in Smart Phone.
The user can easily touch on the screen of the phone to control the home
appliances. This portable method is able to assist the disabled people who have
problem with locomotion difficulty.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the advancement of wireless
technology, there are several different of connections are introduced such as
GSM, WIFI, ZIGBEE, and Bluetooth. Each of the connection has their own unique
specifications and applications. Among the four popular wireless connections
that often implemented in HAS project, Bluetooth is being chosen with its
suitable capability. Bluetooth with globally available frequencies of 2400Hz is
able to provide connectivity up to 100 meters at speed of up to 3Mbps depending
on the Bluetooth device class.
The system is directly installed
beside the conventional electrical switches on the wall. The Bluetooth wireless
connection enabled the system communicates with graphical user interface (GUI)
on PC/laptop or smart phone without cable. The target home appliances are
controlled by the system Main Control Board. In order improve the standard
living in home, this system provides three different types of physical control
methods to the Main Control Board. The first physical control method is by
pressing on the modified Low Voltage Activating Switches. The conventional high
voltages switches will be replaced by the modified 5 Volt push buttons as the
activating switches. The low voltage switch eliminates the risk of dangerous
electrical shock by wet hand. The second and third control methods are
performed as wireless remote control to the appliances. The second control
method is by clicking on Window GUI on PC/laptop by using mouse or touch pad.
This method provides facility to the
computer user to control the home appliances without walk to the switches on
the wall. Third control method is done by Android GUI installed in Smart Phone.
The user can easily touch on the screen of the phone to control the home
appliances. This portable method is able to assist the disabled people who have
problem with locomotion difficulty.
Advantages of Bluetooth based Home Automation
1.
The user can control his/her appliances without physical
interface.
2.
It can be easily interfaced with other embedded micro
chips like RF module, GSM module, PC because it is designed with a micro chip
(AT89S52).
3.
It is reprogrammable.
4.
It makes the size of the system to be small.
Disadvantages
of Bluetooth based
Home Automation
1.
It is very expensive to buy or design.
2.
It requires programming which means not everybody can do
the work.
3.
It has a particular distance that it can go.
BACKGROUND OF STUDIES
The present study
relates to a Bluetooth based Home Automation device and pertains particularly to an improved
the stress of starting and stopping your home appliances.
STATEMENT
OF PROBLEMS
Bluetooth
based Home Automation
is a device good for banking hall, shopping
mall, food joint, beer pallor, schools, hospital and many other places like
that for controlling the appliances at those places. In the past, many types of equipment have been proposed but they have not functioned properly
because of the deficiencies such as
in ability to send information to far distance, how large the system maybe,
non-reliability of the system and the cost of buying it.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The major objective of the project is to show the importance of a Bluetooth based Home Automation to every other type of automation
system and solving the problems which other type of automation system may
have caused to the users because of its en-efficiencies. There are many organizations
that may have been looking for one way or the other to control their
environment from a bit far distance So, our main aim in this project is to
design a Bluetooth based Home
Automation system.
SCOPE OF THE WORK
The scope of this project is based on good production
and design, of a quality Bluetooth based Home Automation, Therefore, we covered
everything necessary about the construction/implementation of a good, reliable and effective Bluetooth
based Home Automation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The aim of this chapter is to give
the overview information about type of wireless technology nowadays. The best
type of wireless is choose and suitable towards the problem identification. The
comparison between all the types of wireless is done. Moreover, in this
chapter, the explanations will focus more on radio frequency (RF). Nevertheless
the review also discuss about the method to prevent frequency disturbance.
Combination of reference from various sources such as journal, previous thesis
and references book, the literature review has been carried out to collect
information related to this project. Home automation or smart homes (also known
as domotic) can be described as introduction of technology within the home
environment to provide convenience, comfort, security and energy efficiency to
its occupants [3]. With the introduction of the Internet of Things, the
research and implementation of home automation are getting more popular [4].
Various wireless technologies that can support some form of remote data
transfer, sensing and control such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, and cellular
networks have been utilized to embed various levels of intelligence in the home
[5]. The studies in [2, 6] have presented Bluetooth based home automation
systems using Android Smart phones without the Internet controllability. The
devices are physically connected to a Bluetooth sub-controller which is then
accessed and controlled by the Smart phone using built-in Bluetooth
connectivity. Researchers have also attempted to provide network
interoperability and remote access to control devices and appliances at home
using home gateways. [7] proposed mobile IP based architecture and its
potential applications in Smart homes security and automation without any
actual deployment and testing. Lately few researchers have also presented use
of Web services, simple object access protocol (SOAP) and representational
state transfer (REST) as an interoperable application layer to remotely access
home automation systems. [8] Introduced a smart home management scheme over the
Ethernet network based on XML SOAP standards. The drawback of using SOAP based
Web a service is that it is complex and adds overhead to the client and server
when parsing the message, resulting in slower operation and higher bandwidth.
Ultrasonic
Adler, et al, (1982), explains about
how to make an Ultrasonic Remote Control for Home Receivers. Electromagnetic
signaling systems can be designed to bridge the short distance involved, but
their signals do not remain confined between the walls of buildings or
apartments. Because the distance between receivers in adjacent apartments may
easily be less than the viewing distance in a single large home, individual
receivers must operate on different frequencies this is inconvenient in manufacture
and installation.
Infrared
Maureen Kaine-Krolak, et al, (1995),
studies about infrared to make an Introduction to Infrared Technology,
Applications in the Home, Classroom, Workplaces and Beyond. Infrared technology
increasingly present in mainstream applications, but there is several
disadvantage by using the method, receiver and transmitter must be almost
directly aligned. Main problem is the signal will lose if blocked by common
material, people wall, plant and etc.
Xbee
Gill, K, et al, (2009), created about
a Zigbee-Based Home Automation System. A ZigBee based home automation system
and Wi-Fi network are integrated through a common home gateway as shown in
Figure 2.1 . The home gateway provides network interoperability, a simple and
flexible user interface and remote access to the system. This system
demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system. The
ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) is a new technology that permits the implementation of
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN). It is very suitable for wireless sensor
networks due to the very low power consumption. System allows home owners to
monitor and control connected devices in the home, through a variety of
controls, including a ZigBee based remote control, and any Wi-Fi enabled device
which supports by Java. Lili, Y, Y.Shuang-Hua et al, (2006), research about the
Safety and Security of Remote Monitoring and Control of intelligent Home
Environments in Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Safety and security are two most
important issues in the remote monitoring and control of intelligent home
environments. The outdoor part is a mobile phone (or a PDA) equipped with a
specially designed GUI (Graphic User Interface). The indoor part includes a
broadband modem, a home portal (or called home server), and a wireless home
network. The broadband modem maintains a permanent internet connection.
METHODOLOGY
BLOCK DIAGRAM
The
block diagram of the circuit shows principle of operation to achieve a desired
output. The block diagram could also be said to be the circuit in a simplified
form. It can also be explain as, the function of the circuit and shows
component relationship with each other.
AC
INPUT AND RECTIFICATION
It is important that you choose the
right transformer for your power supply. The transformer’s secondary voltage
should not be much larger than the voltage of the diode; otherwise, energy will
be wasted because the diode will be forced to dissipate heat. However, at the
same time, the secondary voltage must not drop below the required minimum input
voltage of the diode (typically 2 to 3 V above its output voltage) and in this
project we used 220v to 12v and 500mA transformer. The rectification stage is
usually preceded by a transformer, which is equipment that steps down phase
voltage down to safer and lower levels that are more suitable for rectifier
diode to handle. The transformer is composed of three important elements; a
primary winding, a secondary winding, and a core structure. When the
transformer has stepped down the voltage to the required level, the rectifier
diodes are then used to convert the alternating current to dc voltage. There
are half wave rectification and full wave rectification. In this work full wave
rectification is employed.
FILTRATION
After rectification, the dc obtained is
usually filled with ripples which are very harmful to the electronic devices
that will use it especially the microcontroller. This calls for the filtration
of the rectified output to produce a smooth voltage. The smoother the voltage
the more lasting is the ICs. When a full wave or bridge rectifier is connected
to a capacitor, the peak to peak ripple is cut in half. When a full wave
voltage is applied to the RC circuit, the capacitor discharges half a cycle.
Therefore, the peak-to-peak ripple is half the size it would be with a half
rectifier. The peak –to- peak ripples voltage;
VR = I, fC I = dc load current, f
- frequency, C - capacitance
To get a good filtration, it is
advisable to use a capacitor of voltage about twice the value of the expanded
input voltage. In this work, a capacitor of 50V at 3300 µf was used.
REGULATION
After the stepping down the voltage using
transformer, rectification by the rectifier and filtration by the capacitor,
the voltage is ready to be used though the faithfulness of the voltage cannot
be predicted. In order to make the voltage constant, a regulator is needed. A
zener diode could be used for this purpose however, but in this work 7805 IC
regulator was used.
MICROCONTROLLER UNIT
The microcontroller unit is made up of the crystal oscillator
that is connected to the X1 and X2 which is pin18 and 19 of MCU, The Bluetooth
module communicates with the 8051 using serial communication. Tx pin of the Bluetooth
module is connected to Rx pin of the microcontroller (pin10) and Rx pin of the Bluetooth
module is connected to Tx pin of the microcontroller. Output pin of the Bluetooth
is connected to P3.0 and P3.1 of the microcontroller and the microcontroller is
monitoring for low voltage that is zero at the pin and whenever an intruder
crosses the sensor the pin will be low. The baud rate used for serial
communication in this project is 9600. So the crystal needs to be exactly
11.0592 MHz for getting this baud rate. Port
2.0, Port 2.1, Port 2.2 and Port 2.3 of the microcontroller is used for
controlling the loads.
Bluetooth
Module (HC-05)
For the communication between mobile phone
and microcontroller Bluetooth module (HC-05) is used. HC-05 is low power 1.8V operation
and is easy to use with Bluetooth SPP (serial port protocol). Serial port Bluetooth
module have a Bluetooth 2.0 +EDR (enhanced data rate), 3Mbps modulation with complete
2.4GHZ radio transceiver and base band. Using Bluetooth profile and android platform
architecture different type of Bluetooth applications can be developed.
Relay
Relay is basically an electromagnetic
switch which can be turn on and off by an applying the voltage across its contacts.
In this project used a 12V 3-channel relay.
THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE BLUETOOTH BASED HOME APPLIANCE
CONTROLLER
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
The components used in
the construction of this power failure alarm system are as follows.
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static device or machine that transfers
electric power from one
circuit to the other. It changes the size of alternating voltage by process of mutual induction
between the two coils or
windings, in accordance with Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Its two
coils or windings are separated electrically but magnetically they are linked
together. A
transformer plays a major role in electric power engineering and is a necessary part
of the electric power distribution network.
The
transformer is of two basic types, step-up transformer and step-down
transformer; it has two coils namely the primary and the secondary coils. If the number of turns in secondary coil is greater
than the primary it is a step-up transformer and if the secondary coil is less than the primary is known as a step-down
transformer.
We made use of step-down transformer in this project to step down from 220v to
12v, The diagram of a transformer is as shown below.
Capacitor
A capacitor is capable of
storing electrical charges. It has the ability to block direct current (D.C) while
passing alternating current (A.C), that is, it can be used as a filter. All capacitors
consist of two metal plates separated by an insulator. Capacitors are important
components in the electronics and
telecommunications industries. They are
essential, for example, in radio and T.V receivers and in transmitter circuits. The earliest capacitor was
invented -almost accidentally- by van musschen, in about 1746, and became known
as a Leyden jar. (Nelkon and Parker,
1990.)
Further, it is an electronic component that stores
electrical energy or charge.
The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plate facing each other but separated by an insulating substance
called the
dielectric. It store energy by
separating +ve and -ve electrical charges.
The capacitance of a capacitor is
given by charge/voltage C = Q/V.
And it
is measured basically
in farad (f). But
most practical
capacitors
is rated in micro farads (uf) or pico farad (pf).
The capacitance of a capacitor is generally very small, so unit ranges
from
microfarad (10A- 9 F) and Pico farad (10A-12 F) are used.
There are
different types of capacitor, which includes:
The table below shows the
types of capacitor.
|
1.
|
Variable
|
|
2.
|
Electrolytic
|
|
3.
|
Fixed capacitor
|
|
4.
|
Trimmer
|
|
5.
|
Polarized
|
|
6.
|
Non polarized
|
Capacitor can be of fixed
value, a dielectric or a variable capacitor, which has a making vane with dielectric as
solid as air. The
capacitors used in this project are electrolytic and capacitor is
shown
below.
Variable
capacitor Non variable
capacitor
Microcontroller
A microcontroller (also MCU or
µC) is a computer-on-a-chip. A microcontroller (also microcontroller unit, MCU
or µC) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a
relatively simple CPU combined with support functions such as a crystal oscillator,
timers, watchdog timer, serial and analog I/O etc. It is a type of
microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast
to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). In addition to all
arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the
microcontroller usually also integrates additional elements such as read-only
and read-write memory and input/output interfaces. Microcontrollers are used in
automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine
control systems, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools and
toys. Microcontrollers are complete computer systems on a chip, typically
combining an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), memory, timer/counters, serial port,
input/output ports (I/O) and a clock oscillator.
Microcontroller Advantages
• Highly integrated and
powerful – thousands of transistors on a single chip. • Can be used to replace
a handful of discreet logic chips.
• Relatively easy to learn and implement.
• Easier to integrate into a
design than discrete logic chips.
• Very low hardware cost
possible
• Many types and manufacturers
available.
• Architectures and programming
languages vary somewhat, but not completely, so what we learn about one
microcontroller (µC) is good knowledge to apply to another one.
• Many different IC packages
available (DIP8, SOIC-16 etc.)
Microcontroller Disadvantages
• Microcontrollers are IC chips
and need to be put on to a custom-designed PC board. This takes time and money,
which may not suit all applications.
Contrast this with an
industrial automation PLC, which is a computer-in-a-box that contains simple screw
terminals to connect power, communication and I/O.
• Programming microcontrollers
requires a certain amount of skill and training.
• The programming and debugging software can
be quite costly.
TRANSISTOR
The transistors were
invented in 1947. The invention of transistors was a great improvement over the
vacuum tube in computers because they are smaller, take less power to operate,
usually cost less
and are more rugged than the vacuum tube. Transistor are three-lead semi-conductor devices produced in
variety of shape and size to accommodate such
design in parameter as poor heat dissipation,
break down voltage and cost some power transistors
have an
oval shape body with two mounted roles on either side.
Generally there are 2
types of transistors.
1.
Negative Positive Negative ( NPN )
2.
Positive Negative Positive ( PNP )
Concentrating on the bipolar transistor since it was
employed in the circuit. The bipolar transistor is used in 3 broad areas of electronics.
1. As a generator
2. As a linear amplified to boast an electrical
signal.
3. As automatic switches devices
This semiconductor device is back-to front connection of
P-N junction or
front-to-front connection of P-N junction. The three terminal of the transistor
include, the Emitter, Base and Collector.
The types of a bipolar transistor that exist are the PNP
and the NPN where N denotes
negative and P denotes positive. See the diagram below.
Bridge Diode
The diode is a two
terminal that has anode and cathode region. On a diode, one can easily
differentiate a positive terminal (anode) by the dark part of the diode while the
side with white color is the cathode. The diode from the rectifier, form a junction between
a sample of P-type and one
of the N-type semiconductors. This combination
possesses the property of a rectifier.
This
semiconductor material allows the flow of current in one direction.
Crystal Oscillator
This crystal is an electrical
device which when energy is applied, emits pulses at a fixed frequency. One can
find crystals of virtually any frequency depending on the application
requirements. The more common crystal frequencies are 12 MHZ and 11.059 MHz
with 11.059 MHZ the most common and that was the one used in this project. The
crystal oscillator is unstable and has 11.095 MHz for clocking the
microcontroller for 11.095 million times per second.
RESISTOR
Figure 3.11 shows circuit
symbol of a resistor.
A resistor is a two way terminal passive
element, which provides voltage drop and help dissipate electrical energy and
also provide a current limit in a circuit.
They
are made of resistive materials such as magnesium, nichrome,
Constantia, etc and enclose in a plastic case to prevent moisture Ralph,
(1992). Resistors are unquestionably the most commonly used circuit components. They
are designed to resist the flow of electrical current. The resistance values are
measured in ohms, the values maybe indicate on the resistor. If the resistance is
not indicated, the value of the resistor can be determined by observing the resistor color code table.
The different types of resistors are; fixed and variable resistors. The value of resistor ranges from zero
to infinity.
The knowledge of resistor (especially, fixed resistor) is
very important in electronics
designs.
The table shows the resistor colour
code
|
Colour
|
1st
band 1st figure
|
2nd band 2nd figure
|
3rd band multiplier
|
4th band tolerance
|
|
Black
|
0
|
0
|
None
|
|
|
Brown
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1%
|
|
Red
|
2
|
2
|
00
|
2%
|
|
Orange
|
3
|
3
|
000
|
|
|
Yellow
|
4
|
4
|
000
|
-
|
|
Green
|
5
|
5
|
00000
|
|
|
Blue
|
6
|
6
|
000000
|
|
|
Violet
|
7
|
7
|
0000000
|
|
|
Grey
|
8
|
8
|
0000000
|
|
|
White
|
9
|
9
|
00000000
|
|
|
Gold
|
-
|
-
|
|
5%
|
|
Silver
|
-
|
-
|
|
10%
|
|
No colour
|
-
|
-
|
|
20%
|
There are various shapes,
sizes and voltages (0.25W and 0.5W) of resistors but the most employed type
is the 0.25W.
DIODE/LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
A diode is a device, which is made
from semiconductor material that allows current to flow in one direction; it
blocks the current that tries to travel against the flow in a wire. These
devices are often used in several electronic circuits that convert AC to DC. An
LED is the alternative of the diode, once a current is applied to an LED; it
emits light at a specific frequency. LEDs are utilized in varied applications
like keyboards, hard disks, TV remote controls, and these devices are largely
helpful as standing indicators in computers also as battery-operated
electronics Transistor.
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
Voltage
regulator is an electrical device which maintains the voltage of a power source
within acceptable limits. To keep voltages within the recommended range, the
voltage regulator is needed and it can be tolerated by the electrical equipment
using that voltage. The image
below shows the picture and circuit symbol of a voltage regulator.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation
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