Smart Energy Manager ~ CasinoDigitalTech

This circuit is built around an ATmega32 microcontroller

Let’s go through the schematic section by section

1. Main Controller (U1 — ATmega32)

U1: ATmega32
This is an 8-bit AVR microcontroller that forms the brain of the circuit.
It handles:
- Input from sensors (via ADC pins)
- Output to relays (for devices like lights, siren, or water sprinklers)
- Control logic for energy or animal deterrent operations.
Pins:
- XTAL1/XTAL2: Connected to the crystal oscillator (X1) for clock generation.
- VCC & GND: Power supply (regulated 5V).
- RESET: Connected via R4 (10kΩ) and push button (J1 header) for manual reset.
- PORTA/PORTC: Used for analog and digital inputs.
- PORTB/PORTD: Used for outputs controlling relays and other devices.

X1, C1, C2:
- Crystal oscillator (commonly 16MHz) with 33pF capacitors for stable timing.
- Provides the clock frequency for the ATmega32.

LM358 (U4B) — Operational Amplifier:
- Used here as a comparator or amplifier for analog signal conditioning (e.g., sound, vibration, or motion sensor).
- The resistors R5–R13 form a voltage divider and gain control network.
- Likely connected to an analog sensor (PIR, LDR, or ultrasonic receiver).
R12 (47Ω) & R13 (2kΩ) set sensitivity and feedback for amplification.
The amplified analog signal from LM358 goes to ATmega32 ADC input, allowing the MCU to measure signal intensity (e.g., noise, movement, or light).

There are two 7805 regulators (U3 & U7):

U7 (7805): Regulates 5V from a higher input voltage (like 12V DC) for powering logic circuits (microcontroller and sensors).
U3 (7805): Appears to provide isolated or separate regulated 5V for relays or sensors to reduce interference.
C3 (1000µF) & C4 (10µF) are decoupling capacitors to stabilize the output voltage.
D4, D5 (1N4007 diodes): Protect against reverse polarity.

Each relay is controlled by a transistor switch:

Relay	Transistor	Diode	Function
RL1	Q1 (BC547B)	D1 (1N4007)	Drives a load (e.g., siren or light)
RL2	Q2 (BC557B)	D2 (1N4007)	Drives another load
RL3	Q3 (BC547B)	D3 (1N4007)	Drives third load

Base resistors (R1, R2, R3) limit current to the transistor bases.
Flyback diodes (D1–D3) protect transistors from back-EMF generated by relay coils.
Relay type: G5LE-1-DC5 (5V relay).

Each relay can switch a higher power device like a buzzer, LED light, sprinkler motor, or ultrasonic sound emitter.

These connectors link external devices:

Here’s how the system probably works:

Sensor Detection:
- A motion or sound sensor detects an animal or movement in a restricted area.
- The LM358 amplifies or conditions this signal and sends it to the ATmega32’s ADC pin.
Microcontroller Decision:
- The ATmega32 processes the input; if detection exceeds a set threshold, it activates outputs (relays).
Output Activation:
- Relays energize, powering deterrent devices like:
  - A buzzer or siren (RL1)
  - Flashing light (RL2)
  - Water sprinkler (RL3)
Automatic Reset:
- After a set time, the microcontroller deactivates the relays, saving power.

BH-68A-1 near U5/U6: These look like infrared or ultrasonic sensors or sensor driver modules connected to the MCU input pins.
ZGB108 (U2): A relay driver or sensor module connection interface.

Component	Function
ATmega32	Main control unit
LM358	Amplifier/comparator for sensor input
BC547/BC557	Relay driver transistors
G5LE Relays	Switch deterrent devices
7805 Regulators	Provide stable 5V supply
1N4007 Diodes	Protection from reverse voltage and inductive spikes
Crystal (16MHz)	Provides clock for MCU
Resistors/Capacitors	Signal conditioning and filtering

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