DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A HEART BEAT MONITOR

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A HEART BEAT MONITOR

This work is on design and construction of a heart beat monitor. Heart rate is a very vital health parameter that is directly related to the soundness of the human cardiovascular system. This project describes a technique of measuring the heart rate through a fingertip. While the heart is beating, it is actually pumping blood throughout the body, and that makes the blood volume inside the finger artery to change too. This fluctuation of blood can be detected through an optical sensing mechanism placed around the fingertip. The signal can be amplified further for the system to count the rate of fluctuation, which is actually the heart rate. The aim of this work is to design a device that senses the heart rate from the finger tip using IR reflection method and displays it on lcd in beats per minute. The circuit has an accuracy of 4 beats per minute.

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INTRODUCTION

Heart rate, or heart pulse, is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per unit of time — typically beats per minute (bpm). The heart rate can vary according to the body’s physical needs, including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide. Activities that can provoke change include physical exercise, sleep, anxiety, stress, illness, ingesting, and drugs. The normal resting adult human heart rate ranges from 60–100 bpm. Tachycardia is a fast heart rate, defined as above 100 bpm at rest. Bradycardia is a slow heart rate, defined as below 60 bpm at rest. During sleep a slow heartbeat with rates around 40–50 BPM is common and is considered normal. When the heart is not beating in a regular pattern, this is referred to as an arrhythmia. These abnormalities of heart rate sometimes indicate disease. This paper describes the design of a very low-cost device which measures the heart rate of the subject by clipping sensors on one of the fingers and then displaying the result on lcd. Advantage of such a design is that it can be expanded and can easily be connected to a recording device or a PC to collect and analyse the data for over a period of time. Heart rate measurement is one of the very important parameters of the human cardiovascular system. The heart rate of a healthy adult at rest is around 72 beats per minute (bpm). Athletes normally have lower heart rates than less active people. Babies have a much higher heart rate at around 120 bpm, while older children have heart rates at around 90 bpm. The heart rate rises gradually during exercises and returns slowly to the rest value after exercise. The rate when the pulse returns to normal is an indication of the fitness of the person. Heart rate is simply and traditionally measured by placing the thumb over the subject’s arterial pulsation, and feeling, timing and counting the pulses usually in a 5 second period. Heart rate (bpm) of the subject is then found by multiplying the obtained number by 12. This method although simple, is not accurate and can give errors when the rate is high. More sophisticated methods to measure the heart rate utilize electronic techniques.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of this work is constructing a low-cost microcontroller based heart rate measuring device with seven segment output. Heart rate of the subject is measured from the finger using sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on an lcd.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This work was built around the Arduino microcontroller. The microcontroller is the heart of the circuit of the device. The device senses the heart rate from the finger tip using IR reflection method and displays it on lcd in beats per minute. The circuit has an accuracy of 4 beats per minute and it is very easy to use. In medical terms, the technique used here for sensing heart rate is called photoplethysmography.

APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

ü Digital Heart Rate monitor.

ü Patient Monitoring System.

ü Bio-Feedback control of robotics and applications.

PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

Heart beat monitor is a personal monitoring device that allows one to measure one's heart beat rate in real time or record the heart beat rate for later study. Heart-rate monitors measure your heart rate during exercise and are an excellent tool for monitoring and improving your performance. Heart-rate monitors can also prevent you from overtraining and help you keep your pace during a race. The main purpose of a heart-rate monitor is to help you maintain your target heart rate during a workout. Staying within your target zone ensures that you are getting the most effective workout. Using a heart-rate monitor will tell you if you are overexerting yourself on easy training days or if you need to exert more effort to reach a particular heart-rate zone. A heart-rate monitor is a great tool for monitoring your effort during a race. A heart rate monitor can help prevent you from pushing to hard early in a race.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Measure your heart rate using a touch less device. Your heart rate is measure by a special vein in your finger using sensors. This is then sent to microcontroller to process that compares with a threshold value to display your heart rate on lcd.

ü Precisely Measures Heart Rate using Infrared Frequency.

ü Monitors Pulse Rate Using Arterial Blood Flow.

ü Measures Heart Rate in 15s Using a Microcontroller.

ü Displays Heartbeats per Minute on lcd.

LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Sometimes, too much data can confuse, instead of guide you. Some people quit early on their training, because they feel intimidated with all the details. the monitors may be expensive, especially if you want it to be as accurate as possible. the beeps can be quite distracting, especially when you are in highways and other public places. Accidents sometimes occur because of this.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Different researchers used different methods and technologies to carry out the process of heart rate monitoring. Some of the important research works are reviewed in this paper. In this research paper heart-rate signals were collected from finger or ears using IR TX-RX (Infrared Transmitter and Receiver pair) module which was amplified in order to convert them to an observable scale. A low pass filter was used to filter inherent noise. These signals were counted by a microcontroller module (ATmega8L) and displayed on the LCD. Microcontroller is programmed with an algorithm to run the proposed heart rate counting system. The results obtained using this process when compared to those obtained from the manual test involving counting of heart rate was found satisfactory. The proposed system is applicable for family, hospital, community medical treatment, sports healthcare and other medical purposes. Also, fit for the adults and the paediatrics. However, this method in the developed system needs further investigation and need more functionality, which may be useful to consider advance in future research [1]. This paper includes working on a wirelessly display of Heart beat and temperature based on a microcontroller ATmega328 (Arduino Uno). Most monitoring systems that are used in today’s world works in offline mode but our system has been designed in such a way that a patient can be monitored remotely in real time. This system consists of sensors which measures heartbeat and body temperature of a patient which is controlled by the microcontroller. Both the parameters are displayed in LCD monitor. The transmitted data is wireless and is send through microcontroller. Heartbeat is counted through pulse sensor in Beats per Minute while the temperature sensor measures the temperature and both the data are sent to the microcontroller for transmission to receiving end. Finally, the data are displayed at the receiving end. This system could be made available at a reasonable cost with great effect and accuracy. [2] This research paper shows GSM enabled real time heart rate monitoring system. GSM system is used for communicating the abnormalities in heat rate values. Unusual change in the values of any of these parameters from their set point values will be immediately sensed and local help is sought from the nearby people. If any help is not available, this system sends SMS directly to home, doctor or care taker’s mobile phone. Heart rate is the number of heat-beats per unit of time, simply expressed as beats per minute (bpm). An attempt is made to design and develop a system that uses a simulator circuit to diagnose abnormalities in the heart rate which includes Tachycardia and Bradycardia conditions. It is a twodirectional communication system in which the care taker or Doctor, can also send SMS to know the present parameter status of the person or patient [3]. In this research paper implementation of heartbeat monitoring and heart attack detection system using Internet of things is shown. These days we saw an increased number of heart diseases & heart attacks. The sensor is interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also, the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus, concerned patients may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time. [4] In this research paper, the design and development of a microcontroller based heartbeat and body temperature monitor using fingertip and temperature sensor is shown. The device involves use of optical technology to detect the flow of blood through the finger and offers the advantage of portability over conventional recording systems. Wireless body area network based remote patient monitoring systems have been presented with numerous problems including efficient data extraction and dynamic tuning of data to preserve the quality of data transmission. Evaluation of the device on real signals shows accuracy in heartbeat measurement, even under intense physical activity. This paper presents these challenges as well as solution to these problems by proposing an architecture which allows a network to be formed between the patient and doctor in order to enable remote monitoring of patient by analyzing the data of patient. The device consists of sensors which are used to measure heartbeat as well as body temperature of a patient and it is controlled by a central unit. The readings from these sensors are further processed and sent via GSM module to a remote location where it is displayed on cell phone. The optical heartbeat sensor counts the heartbeat per minute and temperature sensor measures the temperature from the body and both the measured data are sent to a receiving end utilizing wireless technology where the data is displayed in a cell phone for further processing and patient care. This device is shown superior in comparison to traditional systems [5]. In this research paper, it is shown that the heart rate can be measured by monitoring one's pulse using specialized medical devices such as an electrocardiograph (ECG), portable wrist strap watch, or any other commercial heart rate monitors. Despite of its accuracy, somehow it is costly, involve many clinical settings and patient must be attended by medical experts for continuous monitoring. For a patient whom already diagnosed with fatal heart disease, their heart rate condition has to be monitored continuously. This paper proposed an alert system that able to monitor the heart beat rate condition of patient. The heart beat rate is detected using photo plethysmograph (PPG) technique. This signal is processed using PIC16F87 microcontroller to determine the heart beat rate per minute. Then, it sends SMS alert to the mobile phone of medical experts or patient’s family members, or their relatives via SMS. This will also alert the family members to quickly attend the patients. [6]

There have been many methods developed in order to ensure that the heartbeat rate of a human is under control. All these methods have the similar drawback of accuracy. It can cause a life to death. To overcome this many methods have been proposed in this field as follows:

Ø A journal paper on “FINGERTIP BASED HEART BEAT MONITORING SYSTEM USING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS” got published in 2017 where the heart beat rate is counted based on the ECG device.

Ø A paper on “SMART HEART RATE MONITORING SYSTEM” predicts the heart rate using infrared transmitter and receiver circuits where Photoplethysmography (PPG) implemented.

Ø Another paper on “ARDUINO BASED WIRELESS HEART-RATE MONITORING SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC SOS MESSAGE AND/OR CALL FACILITY USING SIM900A GSM MODULE” uses Arduino Lilypad as the main governing microcontroller to transmit circuit wearable.

DISADVANTAGES

Ø The people who suffer from heart disease in case if there is any change in heart rhythm that won’t have any feel in our body.

Ø But in the beginning we can’t feel the change in heartbeat rhythm when it goes sever then it will create a pain which leads to heart attack.

Ø The people who got a sever attack they will be suffer from pain they will unable to think what they are doing and at last it may lead to death of the affected person.

 Proposed project

The proposed system is based on the working of infrared light is passing to the blood value and analysis the heart rate. In this device is placed on the human fingertip and measure the heart rate through heart beat sensor and display the result on the lcd. First the sensor is fix into the human fingertip the blood is circulated to the fingertip at the time sensor infrared light is passing to the photo diode via blood value to measure the pressure of blood and this measured value is given to the Arduino controller display the value of sensor output in the LCD display. The heart beat sensor having the photo diode and IR sensor, the working of this sensor is IR passed to the finger one side and the photo diode is receiving the signal and measure the pulse, blood count for 30 seconds. The intensity of the blood is decrease and increase is respect to the heart rate, so easily found the heart is normal or abnormal. The sensor measure value is converted into the voltage variation respect to the op-amp function and the output value is given to the controller in DC voltage from.

 

In this proposed system the output value is send to the user via mobile and also displays value in the LCD display to the consumer. The LCD interfacing to the Arduino is very simple and easy steps, the display coding is return in the controller to show the output value of the sensors. The 16*2 LCD display is mostly used in the proposed system, the ‘16’ is denote the how many characters in the line and ‘2’ is denote to the how many rows in the display, 20*4 display is also available in the market ‘20’ is denote 20 characters of the line is available and ‘4’ is the how many rows are present in the display is shown in LCD. The 14 pins are available in the LCD display ‘8’ pins are data, ‘2’ pins are power and ‘3’ pins are control pins contrast adjustment is having one pin this is the pin details of the LCD display

Below is the block diagram of the heartbeat monitoring system.

 

Block Diagram Of the Propose System, Heartbeat Monitoring System

 

 

 

 

 

Block Description: 

Power Supply unit:

The power supply unit is the unit that powers the whole circuit. The circuit is power with a 9v battery which is connected to the Arduino power port and from the board the other unit is powered such as: Heartbeat sensor, LCD display and Arduino.

Heartbeat Sensor Unit:

The heartbeat sensor is the module that reads the number of time that the heartbeat per minute. It has a three pin terminal: one is the GND, second one is VCC and the third one is the analogue output signal that is connected to the A0 of the Arduino module.

Arduino Module Unit:

This is the brain of the system that receives the information from the sensor and process it and final move it to the display unit. The c program the controls the system was installed in it from the PC.

LCD Display Unit:

This is where all the results are display, the welcome note and heartbeat result.

It is a 16 x 2 liquid crystal display and it is powered with 9v battery.

Circuit Diagram of the heartbeat monitoring project

 

The connection is pretty simple. Connect the VCC pin of the Sensor to Arduino 5V Pin & GND to GND. Connect the Analog output pin of the sensor to the A0 pin of the Arduino. The pulse sensor module has a light that helps in measuring the pulse rate. When we place the finger on the pulse sensor, the light reflected will change based on the volume of blood inside the capillary blood vessels. This variation in light transmission and reflection can be obtained as a pulse from the output of the pulse sensor. This pulse can be then conditioned to measure heartbeat and then programmed accordingly to read as heartbeat count using Arduino.

Component Description

In this Project, below are the components used for project.

1. Arduino Uno.

2. Heartbeat sensor.

3. Liquid Crystal Display (Lcd)

4. 9V Battery

5. Switch

6. Resistor

 

Pulse Sensor:

The Pulse Sensor is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily incorporate live heart-rate data into their projects. The essence is an integrated optical amplifying circuit and noise eliminating circuit sensor. Clip the Pulse Sensor to your earlobe or fingertip. Then it into your Arduino, you are now ready to read heart rate. The front of the sensor comes with the heart logo. This is where you place your finger. On the front side, you will see a small round hole, from where the green LED shines. Just below the LED is a small ambient light photosensor APDS9008 which adjust the brightness in different light conditions. On the back of the module you will find MCP6001 Op-Amp IC, a few resistors, and capacitors. This makes up the R/C filter network. There is also a reverse protection diode to prevent damage if you connect the power leads reverse.

PinOut – Pulse Sensor:

The pulse sensor has three pins: VCC, GND & Analog Pin.

The module operates from a 3.3 to 5V DC Voltage supply with an operating current of < 4mA.

ARDUINO – UNO

Defining Arduino

An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit which can be either used directly by purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home using the components, owing to its open source hardware feature. It is basically used in communications and in controlling or operating many devices. It was founded by Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles in 2005.

Arduino Architecture:

Arduino’s processor basically uses the Harvard architecture where the program code and program data have separate memory. It consists of two memories- Program memory and the data memory. The code is stored in the flash program memory, whereas the data is stored in the data memory. The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5 KB is used for the bootloader), 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM and operates with a clock speed of 16MHz.

Arduino Architecture

Arduino Pin Diagram

A typical example of Arduino board is Arduino Uno. It consists of ATmega328- a 28 pin microcontroller.

Arduino Pin Diagram

Arduino Uno consists of 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button

Power Jack:  Arduino can be power either from the pc through a USB or through external source like adaptor or a battery. It can operate on a external supply of 7 to 12V. Power can be applied externally through the pin Vin or by giving voltage reference through the IORef pin.

Digital Inputs: It consists of 14 digital inputs/output pins, each of which provide or take up 40mA current. Some of them have special functions like pins 0 and 1, which act as Rx and Tx respectively , for serial communication, pins 2 and 3-which are external interrupts, pins 3,5,6,9,11 which provides pwm output and pin 13 where LED is connected.

Analog inputs: It has 6 analog input/output pins, each providing a resolution of 10 bits.

ARef: It provides reference to the analog inputs

Reset: It resets the microcontroller when low.

How to program an Arduino?

The most important advantage with Arduino is the programs can be directly loaded to the device without requiring any hardware programmer to burn the program. This is done because of the presence of the 0.5KB of Bootloader which allows the program to be burned into the circuit. All we have to do is to download the Arduino software and writing the code.

 

The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify, upload, new, open, save, serial monitor. It also consists of a text editor to write the code, a message area which displays the feedback like showing the errors, the text console which displays the output and a series of menus like the File, Edit, Tools menu.

5 Steps to program an Arduino

· Programs written in Arduino are known as sketches. A basic sketch consists of 3 parts

1. Declaration of Variables

2. Initialization: It is written in the setup () function.

3. Control code: It is written in the loop () function.

· The sketch is saved with .ino extension. Any operations like verifying, opening a sketch, saving a sketch can be done using the buttons on the toolbar or using the tool menu.

· The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook directory.

· Chose the proper board from the tools menu and the serial port numbers.

· Click on the upload button or chose upload from the tools menu. Thus the code is uploaded by the boot loader onto the microcontroller.

Few of basic Arduino functions are:

· digitalRead (pin): Reads the digital value at the given pin.

· digitalWrite (pin, value): Writes the digital value to the given pin.

· pinMode (pin, mode): Sets the pin to input or output mode.

· analogRead (pin): Reads and returns the value.

· analogWrite (pin, value): Writes the value to that pin.

· serial.begin (baud rate): Sets the beginning of serial communication by setting the bit rate.

How to Design your own Arduino?

We can also design our own Arduino by following the schematic given by the Arduino vendor and also available at the websites. All we need are the following components- A breadboard, a led, a power jack, a IC socket, a microcontroller, few resistors, 2 regulators, 2 capacitors.

· The IC socket and the power jack are mounted on the board.

· Add the 5v and 3.3v regulator circuits using the combinations of regulators and capacitors.

· Add proper power connections to the microcontroller pins.

· Connect the reset pin of the IC socket to a 10K resistor.

· Connect the crystal oscillators to pins 9 and 10

· Connect the led to the appropriate pin.

· Mount the female headers onto the board and connect them to the respective pins on the chip.

· Mount the row of 6 male headers, which can be used as an alternative to upload programs.

· Upload the program on the Microcontroller of the readymade Adruino and then pry it off and place back on the user kit.

7 Reasons why Arduino is being preferred these days

1. It is inexpensive

2. It comes with an open source hardware feature which enables users to develop their own kit using already available one as a reference source.

3. The Arduino software is compatible with all types of operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Macintosh etc.

4. It also comes with open source software feature which enables experienced software developers to use the Arduino code to merge with the existing programming language libraries and can be extended and modified.

5. It is easy to use for beginners.

6. We can develop an Arduino based project which can be completely stand alone or projects which involve direct communication with the software loaded in the computer.

7. It comes with an easy provision of connecting with the CPU of the computer using serial communication over USB as it contains built in power and reset circuitry.

So this is some basic idea regarding an Arduino. You can use it for many types of applications. For instance in applications involving controlling some actuators like motors, generators, based on the input from sensors.

 

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD

)

 

 

 

 

These LCD screens are limited to monochrome text and are often used in copiers, fax machines, laser printers, industrial test equipment, networking equipment such as routers and storage devices.

The screens come in a small number of standard configurations. Common sizes are 8x1 (one row of eight characters), 16×2, 20×2 and 20×4. Larger custom sizes are made with 32, 40 and 80 characters and with 1, 2, 4 or 8 lines. The most commonly manufactured larger configuration is 40×4 characters, which requires two individually addressable HD44780 controllers with expansion chips as a single HD44780 chip can only address up to 80 characters. A common smaller size is 16×2, and this size is readily available as surplus stock for hobbyist and prototyping work.

Character LCDs can come with or without backlights, which may be LED, fluorescent, or electroluminescent. Character LCDs use a standard 16 contact interface, commonly using pins or card edge connections on 0.1 inch / 2.54mm centers. Those without backlights may have only 14 pins, omitting the final two pins powering the light.

 The pin out is as follows:

• Ground

• VCC (+3.3 to +5V)

• Contrast adjustment (VO)

• Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data

• Read/Write (R/W). R/W=0: Write, R/W=1: Read

• Clock (Enable). Falling edge triggered

• Bit 0 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

• Bit 1 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

• Bit 2 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

• Bit 3 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

• Bit 4

• Bit 5

• Bit 6

• Bit 7

• Backlight Anode (+)

• Backlight Cathode (-)

The nominal operating voltage for LED backlights is 5V at full brightness, with dimming at lower voltages dependent on the details such as LED color. Non-LED backlights often require higher voltages.

The LCD interface allows for two modes of operation, 8-bit and 4-bit. Using the 4 bit mode is more complex, but reduces the number of active connections needed. The chip starts in 8 bit mode, with the instruction set designed to allow switching without requiring the lower four data pins. Once in 4 bit mode, character and control data is transferred as pairs of 4 bit "nibbles" on the upper data pins, D4-D7.

Resistor

A resistor is a linear, passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

Switches

A switch is an electrical device which is employed to interrupt the circuit, interrupting the current and to provide the current from one conductor to a different conductor. The switch works with ON and OFF mechanism. Switches are classified into four varieties like (SPST) single pole single throw, (SPDT) single pole double throw, (DPST) double pole single throw and (DPDT)double pole double throw. When the lever is pushed upward, a conductive bridge is made between contacts a and b. When the lever is pushed downward, the conductive bridge is relocated to a position where current can flow between contact a and c.

Engineering Bill of Materials for Propose project, Heartbeat monitoring system

S/N	Description	Qty			Price per rate N	Total price N
1.	Jumper Wire		2yrds		100	200
2.	Vero-board		1		250	250
3.	Plastic Casing		1		700	700
4.	Gum		1ptn		400	400
5.	Soldering Led		3yrds		100	300
6.	Soldering Iron		1		850	850
7.	Arduino Uno		1		6000	6000
8.	8 x 8 white connector		2	200		400
				TOTAL		N9,100

TESTING INSTRUMENT

When it comes to designing electronic circuits, testing and measuring various parameters like current, voltage, frequency, resistance, capacitance, etc. is very important. Hence, the Test and Measurement Equipment like Oscilloscopes, Multi-meters, Logic Analyzers, Function Generators (or Signal Generators) are often used regularly but in our project we used multi-meter only

Multi-meter

A multi-meter is a combination of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Ohmmeter. They provide an easy way to measure different parameters of an electronic circuit like current, voltage etc. Multi-meters can measure values in both AC and DC. Earliest Multi-meters are Analog and consists of a pointing needle. Modern Multi-meters are Digital and are often called as Digital Multi-meters or DMMs.

DMMs are available as handheld devices as well as bench devices. A Multi-meter can be very handy in finding basic faults in a circuit.

Conclusion

The security power control using android based power switch has been experimentally proven to work satisfactorily by connecting simple appliances to it and the appliances were successfully controlled remotely through wifi. The designed system can be modify not only to monitors the light but for sensor data, like temperature, gas, light, motion sensors, but also actuates a process according to the requirement, for example switching on the light when it gets dark. It also stores the sensor parameters in the cloud (Gmail) in a timely manner. This will help the user to analyze the condition of various parameters in the home anytime anywhere.

RESULT

In this monitoring system, based on the rate of our heart beat, our heart condition is divided into 3 levels such as low heart rate level, normal heart rate level, high heart rate level. The below table has the results of the difference in heart beat of a person at difference instance of time. It is found that the heart beat is high after a workout, low during depression and normal when sleeping. Thus it can measure the heart rate of a person.

 

Heart rate per second	Condition
58	Low rate
72	Normal rate
150	High rate
90	Normal rate
55	Low rate
140	High rate

Conclusion

The proposed system contains the infrared sensor and photo diode, the various heart rate data is analysed to this system. The objective of this proposed system is operating in faster and accurate data is given to the controller and user, this system helps to monitor the patient health condition. The prototype project is developed to monitor the patient health if any changes is occur in the sensor value the signal is send to controller. The use of the proposed system is measure the patient health in every seconds and the data is noted to the record, so the patient is no need to go to the hospital in more time. Also the monitoring of the patient is available in everywhere so it is more helpful in rural areas user, and the proposed system is given the accurate value and faster operation of this system.

Future scope

The improvement of the proposed system performance is enhanced in future work:

Ø Design the system is implemented to efficient measuring and the reduction of noise in the output of the communication system. Also to implement the design of controller and GSM module like transmission efficiency.

Ø To implement the device accuracy is done on various people in different ages and more testing is taken to the system is developed.

Ø The temperature sensor is also implemented in the system like the LM35 is used to measure the body temperature and given to the controller for accurate operation.

Ø In future more health parameters are find patient and monitor in single device is implemented, so the time is save and identify more problems in patient health.

Ø The pulse measurement is implement to the patient is very important to take a action in very short period, this is help to rescue the patient in quick way.

Ø The controller is given the signal to mobile via GSM module to alert a user and also the GPS is implemented is used to easily find the location of patient area.

Ø This proposed system is implemented in the minimizing of the PCB space is very useful to wear the sensor in patient body.

Ø The proposed system kit is implemented to inbuilt battery is useful to wear in long distance.

References

1. A microcontroller based automatic heart rate counting system from fingertip Mamun AL, Ahmed N, ALQahtani (JATIT)Journal OF Theory and Applied technology ISSN 1992-8645.

2. Heartbeat and Temperature Monitoring System for remote patients using Arduino Vikram Singh, R. Parihar, Akash Y TangipahoaD Ganorkar (IJAERS), International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science eissn2349-6495.

3. A GSM Enabled Real time simulated Heart Rate Monitoring and control system Sudhindra F, Anna Rao S.J, (IJRET) International Journal of Research In Engineering And Technology, e ISSN 2319-3163.

4. Heart beat Sensing and Heart Attack Detection Using internet of things: IOT Aboobacker sidheeque, Arith Kumar, K. Sathish,(IJESCE) International Journal Of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2007.

5. A Heartbeat and Temperature Measuring System for Remote Health Monitoring using Wireless Body Area Network Mohammad Wajih Alam , Tanin Sultana and Mohammad Sami Alam International Journal of BioScience and Bio-Technology Vol.8, No.1 (2016).

6. Heartbeat Monitoring Alert via SMS 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications October 4-6, 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Warsuzarina Mat Jubadi, Siti Faridatul Aisyah Mohd Sahak Dept. of Electronics Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia